The Vancouver Barracks Military Association presents author and former journalist Aaron C. Jones for a program on “O.O. Howard and the Freedmen’s Bureau.”  General Oliver Otis Howard (1830-1909) commanded U.S. Army forces in the Pacific Northwest in the 1870s. Prior to his time in the Northwest, however, Howard served in the Union Army during the […]

The freedom often denied to African Americans to move and express themselves has meant that they have had to be especially creative in building their culture. The innovations created under oppression are often appropriated by the oppressor—they want our rhythm. And such culture and creativity has been forged from their everyday struggles—but they do not […]